By Lindsey Kundel, Editor in Chief, InGenius Prep
Image Credit: A. C. For Unsplash+
At Brown, nearly 18% of Early Decision applicants were admitted, while only 4% got in through Regular Decision. (Brown admits 5.65% of applicants to class of 2029, 2025) Vanderbilt showed a similar pattern, with early applicants having four times better odds. (Early decision acceptance rate drops to 13.2% for Class of 2029, 2025) These numbers motivate thousands of students to apply early each fall, hoping for better chances, quicker decisions, and the relief of finishing by December.
Parents discuss it at back-to-school nights, private school counselors call it the “smart” move, and universities urge students to apply early and signal commitment.
Early admissions are more complicated than they seem. While applying early can give students an advantage at top schools, it also brings up concerns about fairness, privilege, and added pressure. For colleges, the stakes are high: early applications enable them to shape their classes strategically, manage budgets efficiently, and ensure stability in their enrollment figures. Understanding these institutional incentives is key to grasping the broader implications of early admissions, setting the stage for discussions about fairness and equity that follow.
Early Decision vs. Early Action: Pros and Cons
At some of the most selective universities, the early-round advantage isn’t just real—it’s documented. At Brown, Yale, Duke, Vanderbilt, MIT, Notre Dame, and Rice, the universities themselves have published numbers confirming that early applicants are admitted at two to four times the rate of regular decision peers. (2025 Admissions Statistics for the Class of 2029, 2025)
- Brown (Class of 2029): 17.9% ED admit rate vs 4.0% RD (Brown newsroom).
- Yale (Class of 2029): 10.8% SCEA vs 3.5% RD (Yale press releases).
- Duke (Class of 2029): 12.6% ED vs 3.67% RD (Duke Today).
- Vanderbilt (Class of 2029): 13.2% ED vs 3.3% RD (Vanderbilt Admissions).
- MIT (Class of 2029): 6.0% EA (MIT The Tech).
- Notre Dame (Class of 2029): 12.9% REA vs ~9% overall (Notre Dame Admissions).
- Rice (Class of 2029): ~13% ED I/II (Rice Thresher).
In our Ivy-only snapshot from the Class of 2028, the typical early advantage sits around 2–3× at Harvard, Columbia, Yale, Brown, Dartmouth, and Cornell.
These figures are based on official university disclosures. Comparing them reveals a clear pattern: for schools that release data, early-round applicants often have three to five times the chances of regular decision applicants.
However, not every university is this transparent. Some provide only partial data, while others refuse to share any details about early admissions. This lack of transparency creates confusion for families trying to navigate the process. Some universities (check mark) provide clear, official early-round data. Others (scale) acknowledge their reliance on Early Decision or Early Action but withhold admission rates. A final group (cross mark) offers no transparency at all, leaving students guessing.
We invite you to think about the transparency in college admissions. Consider rating each university’s openness based on the available information and ask yourself why some schools choose to remain opaque. This approach not only informs but also encourages you to critique and reflect on the implications of this opacity.
The table below summarizes what is known—and what remains unclear—about early versus regular admissions at the top 30 U.S. universities.
Early vs. Regular Admissions at Top-30 Universities (Class of 2029)
Key takeaways for early college applications:
- Clear early-round advantage: Vanderbilt, Duke, Brown, Yale (3–5× odds boost).
- Partial disclosure: Penn, Northwestern, Dartmouth, Rice, Notre Dame hint at heavy reliance on ED/REA but don’t publish complete splits.
- No early rounds: UCLA, UC Berkeley, University of Florida (single admission cycle).
- Withholding schools: Harvard, Princeton, Columbia, Stanford, Cornell, UChicago, JHU, Caltech.
- Ivy pattern holds: In the Class of 2028, early admission rates were approximately 2–3 times the overall rates at most Ivies that reported (Harvard, Columbia, Yale, Brown, Dartmouth, Cornell).
Because many Ivies don’t release round-by-round numbers, our team tracks consistent patterns. The Class of 2028 data show that, where early figures are public, the early round provides about a 2–3 times advantage, even at the most selective schools. Where rates are withheld, transparency is the exception.
Early vs. Regular Admissions at Top-30 Universities (Class of 2029)
| Rank | University | Early Plan | Early Admit Rate | Regular Admit Rate | Confidence | Notes on Disclosure |
| 1 | Princeton | SCEA (non-binding) | Not Disclosed | Not Disclosed | 🚫 | Does not release early vs RD rates. |
| 2 | MIT | EA (non-binding) | 6.0% (721/12,053) | Not Disclosed | ✅ | MIT publishes precise EA pool and admits. |
| 3 | Harvard | SCEA (non-binding) | Not Disclosed | Not Disclosed | 🚫 | Publishes overall admit rate only. |
| 4 | Stanford | REA (non-binding) | Not Disclosed | Not Disclosed | 🚫 | Since 2018, no early or total app numbers. |
| 5 | Yale | SCEA (non-binding) | 10.8% (728/6,729) | 3.5% (1,514/43,499, calc) | ✅ | Yale reports SCEA and overall totals; RD derivable. |
| 6 | Caltech | REA (non-binding) | Not Disclosed | Not Disclosed | 🚫 | No early-round breakdowns published. |
| 6 | Duke | ED (binding) | 12.6% (849/6,714) | 3.67% | ✅ | Duke publishes ED pool + admits and RD rate. |
| 6 | Johns Hopkins | ED I & II (binding) | Not Disclosed | Not Disclosed | 🚫 | Overall totals only; no round splits. |
| 6 | Northwestern | ED (binding) | Not Disclosed | Not Disclosed | ⚖️ | States ~55% of class via ED; no admit rate given. |
| 10 | Penn | ED (binding) | Not Disclosed | Not Disclosed | ⚖️ | Reports ~51% of class admitted ED; no rates published. |
| 11 | Cornell | ED (binding) | Not Disclosed | Not Disclosed | 🚫 | Shares totals but no admit rate splits. |
| 11 | UChicago | EA (non-binding) + ED I/II | Not Disclosed | Not Disclosed | 🚫 | Provides only overall admit rate. |
| 13 | Brown | ED (binding) | 17.9% (907/5,048) | 4.0% (1,511/37,717) | ✅ | Brown admissions newsroom reports both rounds. |
| 13 | Columbia | ED (binding) | Not Disclosed | Not Disclosed | 🚫 | Does not publish ED admit rate; historic est. 10–15%. |
| 15 | Dartmouth | ED (binding) | ~17% (Class of 2028) | ~6% (2029 overall) | ⚖️ | Confirms ED > RD; no detailed 2029 breakdown. |
| 15 | UCLA | None | N/A | N/A | ✅ | UC schools do not offer ED/EA. |
| 17 | UC Berkeley | None | N/A | N/A | ✅ | UC schools do not offer ED/EA. |
| 18 | Rice | ED (binding) + ED II | ~13% (391/2,970 + 100 QB) | Not Disclosed | ✅ | Rice Thresher reports ED admits; RD withheld. |
| 18 | Notre Dame | REA (non-binding) | 12.9% (1,669/12,917) | ~9% overall | ✅ | Official newsroom reports REA and total admits. |
| 18 | Vanderbilt | ED I & II (binding) | 13.2% (893/6,762) | 3.3% | ✅ | Vanderbilt publishes full ED and RD numbers. |
| 21 | WashU St. Louis | ED I & II (binding) | Not Disclosed | Not Disclosed | ⚖️ | Reports totals; no round-level breakdown. |
| 21 | Carnegie Mellon | ED I & II (binding) | Not Disclosed | Not Disclosed | ⚖️ | Reports totals; no early vs RD split. |
| 24 | Georgetown | EA (non-binding) | Not Disclosed | Not Disclosed | ⚖️ | States EA ≈ RD admit rates; no data given. |
| 24 | Emory | ED I & II (binding) | Not Disclosed | Not Disclosed | ⚖️ | Shares totals; no full breakdown. |
| 24 | UVA | ED (binding) + EA | Not Disclosed | Not Disclosed | ⚖️ | Notes it does not fill class through ED. |
| 27 | UNC–Chapel Hill | EA (non-binding, NC residents) | Not Disclosed | Not Disclosed | ⚖️ | Limited public reporting. |
| 27 | USC | EA (non-binding) | Not Disclosed | Not Disclosed | ⚖️ | Recently added EA; no admit-rate data yet. |
| 29 | University of Florida | None | N/A | N/A | ✅ | UF admits in a single cycle only. |
Early vs. Regular Admissions at Ivy League Universities (Class of 2028)
| School | Overall Acceptance Rate | Early Acceptance Rate |
| Harvard | 3.63% | 8.74% |
| Columbia | 4.2% | 11.9% |
| Princeton | Withheld | Withheld |
| Yale | 4.6% | 9.0% |
| Brown | 5.65% | 14.4% |
| Penn | 5.9% | N/A |
| Dartmouth | 6.0% | 18% |
| Cornell | 8.2% | 18.2% |
Why Colleges Prefer Early Applications: Institutional Benefits
For institutions, the benefits of early rounds are irresistible:
- Financial predictability: Admitting half a class in December, as Penn and Northwestern do, gives universities a head start on budgeting. They know how many families can pay full tuition, how many will need aid, and what their four-year revenue picture looks like. For instance, securing early commitments from, say, 800 students capable of paying full tuition could guarantee upwards of $40 million in tuition revenue by December. This vivid example illustrates the fiscal motives driving universities to favor early admissions, highlighting the urgency and importance of these decisions.
- Enrollment management: Early admits lock in housing, course loads, and staffing well before spring.
- Rankings and reputation: With half the class already secured, admissions offices can be more selective in the regular round, lowering admission rates and boosting prestige.
That’s why so many schools use Early Decision, even if they don’t share exact acceptance rates. The benefits for colleges are simply too important to pass up.
Understanding Early Application Types
Not all “early” applications follow the same rules. Some are binding contracts, others are flexible deadlines. Families must understand these differences because the risks and benefits can change dramatically depending on the option.
- Early Decision (ED):
- Binding — if admitted, you must attend (unless the financial aid package makes it impossible).
- Offered at many private universities, including Duke, Brown, Columbia, Penn, Northwestern, and Vanderbilt.
- Most significant statistical advantage, but least flexibility.
- Early Decision II (ED II):
- Binding like ED, but with a January deadline and February notification.
- Schools like Emory, Vanderbilt, Rice, and WashU offer ED II.
- Useful if you weren’t ready by November 1, but still want the commitment boost.
- Early Action (EA):
- Non-binding — you can apply early, get an early decision, but are not obligated to enroll.
- Offered at places like MIT, Notre Dame, and many public flagships.
- Lower risk than ED, but sometimes with a less pronounced admission rate advantage.
- Restrictive or Single-Choice Early Action (REA or SCEA):
- Non-binding, but limits you: you can’t apply ED anywhere else, and usually can’t apply EA to other private schools.
- Used by Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Stanford.
- This option balances flexibility with exclusivity. These schools want to see a clear sign of commitment, but without requiring a binding agreement.
- Priority Deadlines:
- Common at large public universities. Submitting early can increase chances of admission to competitive majors, merit scholarships, or honors programs.
- Not technically “early decision,” but often functions like it.
These differences are important. Binding Early Decision can give you a big advantage, but it might also cause financial issues. Early Action is less risky, but the benefit may be smaller. Restrictive Early Action is a middle ground, showing loyalty but limiting your options. At public universities, priority deadlines can help you secure scholarships or gain admission to special programs. Make sure you understand your application type before deciding to apply early.
Why Some Universities Withhold Early Acceptance Rates
If Brown and Yale are clear examples, the opposite is also true: Harvard, Princeton, Stanford, Columbia, Cornell, the University of Chicago, Johns Hopkins, and Caltech have chosen not to publish early-round acceptance rates.
Some schools (e.g., Princeton and Penn) have withheld early-round rates in recent cycles, and others release them unevenly across years—making apples-to-apples comparisons difficult.
Stanford went so far as to issue a formal policy in 2018, stating that it would no longer release application totals “to reduce stress and anxiety.” Harvard and Princeton simply publish overall acceptance rates. Columbia, which historically admitted 10–15% of its ED pool, no longer provides an official rate. Cornell, UChicago, Hopkins, and Caltech lump all rounds together.
Then there are the in-between schools. Penn and Northwestern openly admit that roughly half of their incoming classes are filled in the ED round—but they stop short of releasing acceptance rates. Dartmouth acknowledges that ED applicants are admitted at higher rates, but doesn’t publish the numbers. Georgetown claims its EA acceptance rate is “roughly the same” as its regular decision rate, but doesn’t provide supporting figures.
The lack of disclosure isn’t an accident. Publishing that your early-round admit rate is four times higher than regular decision would invite tough questions about fairness. Staying silent helps universities control the narrative.
Who Should Apply Early? Key Considerations
Any student can choose to apply on November 1. In reality, only some have the resources to meet this deadline.
I once worked with a student at a large public high school who didn’t even hear about Early Decision until October of senior year. By then, her essays weren’t close to ready, and the option to apply early might as well not have existed. Meanwhile, a peer at a nearby private school had been preparing her ED application since junior spring.
- According to the National Association for College Admission Counseling (NACAC), public school counselors typically have an average of 405 students per counselor, which is far above the recommended 250-to-1 ratio. Private schools average closer to 200.
- Public school counselors devote only 21% of their time to college advising; private school counselors spend nearly 47%.
These numbers directly affect who learns about Early Decision, who can prepare essays, secure recommendations, and finish applications in time for the early deadline.
I remember my own high school experience. As a straight-A student with big ambitions, I still didn’t understand the mechanics of Early Decision until late in the process. Meanwhile, students at private schools are not only taught these strategies but are also often strongly encouraged to apply early. The playing field is tilted long before a single application is submitted.
Domestic vs. International Applicants: Early Application Differences
Early admissions don’t just vary from school to school; they also depend on where you live. Domestic and international applicants follow the same process, but the rules can vary significantly for each group.
- Need-blind vs. need-aware: Only a handful of U.S. universities are need-blind for international applicants (Harvard, Princeton, MIT, Yale, Amherst). Most are need-aware, which means a student’s ability to pay can affect the admissions decision. Applying early may actually magnify this effect, since schools are already managing budgets and may be cautious about overcommitting aid in December.
- Visa and logistics considerations: An early acceptance can simplify timelines for securing visas, arranging housing, and planning travel. This is a real advantage for international families.
- Data scarcity: Very few schools break down early-round admission rates for international students separately from those for domestic students. At some Ivy League schools, international students comprise 10–15% of the early admission pool; however, without transparency, it’s challenging to compare their admission rates to those of their domestic peers.
- Competition dynamics: In the most competitive schools, international applicants face far lower admission rates overall. For example, MIT’s Class of 2028 admitted just 2% of international applicants compared to 5% for U.S. applicants. Applying early in that context may offer only a marginal edge—or none at all.
This is why international families often face even more difficult decisions. The same policy that helps American applicants at schools like Duke or Brown can actually disadvantage international applicants who need financial aid. Early Decision can be a plus for U.S. students who can commit, but for many international families, it limits their choices. This difference is rarely discussed, but it affects results just as much as the admission rates themselves.
Early Application Psychology: Benefits and Drawbacks
The deadlines themselves come with a hidden cost: decision fatigue.
- A 2011 study of parole judges found that favorable rulings dropped steadily the longer judges went without a break—evidence of how cognitive resources erode with repeated decisions.
- In 2016, Danish researchers found that students’ test performance declined by one percentage point for every hour later in the day their exams were taken. A simple 20-minute break was enough to boost scores again.
Compressing the college application process into the first weeks of senior year amplifies these effects. Students juggling essays, AP classes, leadership roles, and test prep often submit weaker applications not because they’re less qualified, but because they’re exhausted.
And yet, applying early isn’t purely negative. There are psychological benefits, too.
- Certainty: An early acceptance can transform a student’s senior year, replacing anxiety with confidence.
- Commitment: Early rounds signal enthusiasm, and for binding ED, colleges reward that loyalty.
- Momentum: Students admitted in December often report feeling freer to focus on academics, passions, and personal growth without the looming pressure of applications.
One of my students described the moment she got her December ED acceptance as “the first deep breath I’d taken in months.” Another admitted that while the relief was real, she later regretted losing the chance to compare aid packages from multiple schools.
I’ve seen both sides. Some students glow with relief in December, finally able to breathe. Others regret their choices, bound to a school they rushed into without comparing aid packages or exploring fit. The psychology of early admissions is a double-edged sword—one that cuts differently depending on a student’s circumstances.
Final Analysis: Who Wins in Early College Admissions
For colleges, the answer is obvious: early applications are a dream for enrollment. Admitting half or more of a class through ED, as Penn and Northwestern do, locks in yield, bolsters rankings, and stabilizes finances.
For wealthier students, the calculus is also clear. With access to experienced counselors, test prep, and the flexibility to commit without worrying about financial aid comparisons, the early rounds offer real leverage.
For less-resourced students, however, early deadlines can feel more like a trap. Larger counselor caseloads, limited advising time, and the psychological toll of decision fatigue mean these students are more likely to miss out on the early advantage—or to commit prematurely and regret it later.
Early Applications: FAQs
1) Does applying early increase my chances?
A: Yes and no. There is an early-round boost at many schools, but some of that lift is absorbed by recruited groups (athletes, legacies). Early still signals first choice, which matters. Some schools fill up to 75% of their incoming class via early applications.
2) Why isn’t the early boost straightforward?
A: There is a boost, but you also have to consider that athletes and legacy students are applying early. So that chips away at the boost. In other words, the pool isn’t identical. Early rounds include a higher share of priority applicants, so the headline percentages don’t tell the whole story.
3) Does Early Decision really signal commitment?
A: Applying early is an indication to the school that this is your first choice. At binding ED schools, that signal is strongest; colleges like the certainty and the yield.
4) When not to apply early?
A: One time where it’s not worth applying early is if your grades aren’t there… they will be judging you based on 11th grade primarily. If you need first-semester senior grades to show an upswing, consider waiting for RD (or ED II if available).
5) What happens if someone breaks an ED agreement or double-applies ED?
A: Schools also share their ED lists. If a student applies to two places, ED, they know. Consequences can include withdrawn offers or reputational fallout for the high school. Treat ED commitments seriously.
6) How do admissions offices actually read files?
A: Each school has a regional admissions officer, a second reader, and then they go to a committee. Files get multiple reads. Context (school rigor, region) and fit (essays, recommendations) matter alongside numbers.
7) What about legal challenges to ED?
A: There has been a class action lawsuit at Columbia University, Duke University, the University of Pennsylvania, and 29 other schools. These lawsuits will take several years to process, and we don’t anticipate many significant changes this cycle. Families should stay informed, but don’t plan strategy around litigation timelines.
Making the Right Choice: Should You Apply Early?
So, should students apply early? The answer isn’t universal. It depends on readiness, resources, and risk tolerance.
Before submitting an early application, families should ask:
- Is this truly your top-choice school?
- Is your application polished and competitive by November?
- Do you understand the financial aid implications of committing early?
Early admissions can be a powerful strategy in the college application process, but it’s not a guarantee of success. The benefits are real—yet so are the inequities and hidden costs that come with applying early. For some students, early admissions are the best approach. For others, waiting until the regular deadline is the smarter move. The key is to assess your readiness, resources, and goals, and then make a strategic decision.
At InGenius Prep, we help families make informed choices by analyzing data and considering each student’s unique situation. Be sure to reach out for your free consultation today.